Phase frequency detector

ABSTRACT

Described is an apparatus comprising: a first phase frequency detector (PFD) to determine a coarse phase difference between a first clock signal and a second clock signal, the first PFD to generate a first output indicating the coarse phase difference; and a second PFD, coupled to the first PFD, to determine a fine phase difference between the first clock signal and the second clock signal, the second PFD to generate a second output indicating the fine phase difference.

BACKGROUND

As technology moves into nano-scale Complementary Metal OxideSemiconductor (CMOS), analog Phase Locked Loop (PLL) design faces moreand more challenges attributed to device matching, reduced outputimpedance, and low supply voltage. Digital PLLs (DPLLs) may sometimesreplace analog PLLs, but generally suffer from low jitter performancei.e., high jitter at the output of the PLL.

PLLs employ phase frequency detectors (PFDs). A PFD compares a referenceclock signal with a feedback clock signal to determine whether toincrease the frequency of an oscillator of the PLL, reduce the frequencyof the oscillator, or keep the frequency of the oscillator constant. Theoutput of the PFD includes phase error even when the reference clocksignal and the feedback clock signal are aligned. This phase error ofthe PFD may add jitter to the output clock of the PLL, and so may reducePLL performance.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the disclosure will be understood more fully from thedetailed description given below and from the accompanying drawings ofvarious embodiments of the disclosure, which, however, should not betaken to limit the disclosure to the specific embodiments, but are forexplanation and understanding only.

FIG. 1 is a clock generation unit including a frequency phase detector(PFD) formed from combination of two PFDs, according to one embodimentof the disclosure.

FIG. 2 is the PFD formed from combination of two PFDs, according to oneembodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a transfer function of a delay line of the first PFD,according to one embodiment of the disclosure

FIG. 4 is a transfer function of the combination of two PFDs, accordingto one embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 5A is a bang-bang PFD (BBPFD), according to one embodiment of thedisclosure.

FIG. 5B is a BBPFD, according to another embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a timing diagram illustrating operation of the BBPFD,according to one embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a time-to-digital converter (TDC) based PFD, according to oneembodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 8 is a timing diagram illustrating operation of the TDC, accordingto one embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a system-level diagram of a smart device comprising aprocessor with the combination of two PFDs and/or the BBPFD and/or TDC,according to one embodiment of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The embodiments of this disclosure present a novel phase frequencydetector (PFD). A PFD compares two signals, a reference signal andanother signal, to determine whether the other signal is ahead or behindin time domain relative to the reference signal. The new PFD discussedherein significantly improves the phase detection resolution of adelay-line based time-to-digital converter (TDC) PFD.

In one embodiment, a Bang-Bang (BB) PFD (BBPFD) is combined with the TDCbased PFD to form the novel PFD. The embodiments of the PFD discussedherein may be used as a stand-alone circuit in various circuits. Forexample, the PFD discussed herein may be used in a phase locked loop(PLL) such as a digital PLL (DPLL). PFD discussed herein may also beused in a delay locked loop (DLL). In one embodiment, by combining theBBPFD and TDC based PFD together, the time domain quantization error ofthe DPLL PFD is reduced to much less than a TDC unit delay. In oneembodiment, by combining the BBPFD and TDC based PFD together, the newPFD has substantially the same linear characteristic as TDC based PFD.

In such an embodiment, significant improvement is observed in the DPLL'sjitter performance. In one embodiment, the performance (i.e.,resolution) of the DPLL PFD is determined by the BBPFD. In oneembodiment, by combining the BBPFD and TDC based PFD together, thetrade-off between jitter performance and TDC hardware complexity seen inTDC based DPLLs is decoupled. In such an embodiment, power consumptionand semiconductor area savings are realized via fewer delay line stagescompared to a traditional TDC without compromising the TDC linearity.Other technical effects will be evident from various embodimentsdiscussed herein

The terms “substantially,” “close,” “approximately,” herein refer tobeing within +/−20% of a target value.

The embodiments herein are discussed with reference to a DPLL. However,the new PFD formed by combining the TDC based PFD and the BBPFD can beused in other circuits. For example, the embodiments of the new PFD maybe used in a delay locked loop (DLL).

TDC alone based DPLLs are used because of their close to linear transferfunction. Such TDCs use delay, td_(tdc), to digitize phase error betweenthe reference signal and the other signal (generally a feedback clocksignal). Quantization noise is defined by this td_(tdc), or the minimumdelay that the process technology could provide. Equation 1 shows therelation of the quantization noise power spectrum to the unit delay ofthe TDC, td_(tdc).

Quantization Noise power is proportional to N ² *td _(tdc)²/12  Equation 1

where ‘N’ is the PLL divider ratio. The number of useful stages in thedelay chain of the TDC is constrained by the minimum td_(tdc) and thetime period of the oscillator (e.g., voltage controlled oscillator ordigitally controlled oscillator) cycle as illustrated by Equation 2.

TDC Delay Chain Stages=Tvco/td _(tdc)  Equation 2

The smaller td_(tdc) is the larger number of TDC delay stages are neededto keep the PFD gain constant over a certain phase range, such as oneoscillator cycle. Therefore a trade-off between the jitter performanceand the number of stages in the TDC exists as shown by Equations 1 and2.

In the embodiments discussed herein, a BBPFD is combined with a TDCbased PFD to provide, among other advantages, the advantage of designsimplicity, high precision in phase error detection, lower powerconsumption, and lower silicon area compared to a TDC alone based PFD.

In the following description, numerous details are discussed to providea more thorough explanation of embodiments of the present disclosure. Itwill be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that embodimentsof the present disclosure may be practiced without these specificdetails. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shownin block diagram form, rather than in detail, in order to avoidobscuring embodiments of the present disclosure.

Note that in the corresponding drawings of the embodiments, signals arerepresented with lines. Some lines may be thicker, to indicate moreconstituent signal paths, and/or have arrows at one or more ends, toindicate primary information flow direction. Such indications are notintended to be limiting. Rather, the lines are used in connection withone or more exemplary embodiments to facilitate easier understanding ofa circuit or a logical unit. Any represented signal, as dictated bydesign needs or preferences, may actually comprise one or more signalsthat may travel in either direction and may be implemented with anysuitable type of signal scheme.

Throughout the specification, and in the claims, the term “connected”means a direct electrical connection between the things that areconnected, without any intermediary devices. The term “coupled” meanseither a direct electrical connection between the things that areconnected, or an indirect connection through one or more passive oractive intermediary devices. The term “circuit” means one or morepassive and/or active components that are arranged to cooperate with oneanother to provide a desired function. The term “signal” means at leastone current signal, voltage signal or data/clock signal. The meaning of“a”, “an”, and “the” include plural references. The meaning of “in”includes “in” and “on.”

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the use of the ordinaladjectives “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc., to describe a commonobject, merely indicate that different instances of like objects arebeing referred to, and are not intended to imply that the objects sodescribed must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, inranking or in any other manner.

For purposes of the embodiments described herein, the transistors aremetal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors, which include drain,source, gate, and bulk terminals. Source and drain terminals may beidentical terminals and are interchangeably used herein. Those skilledin the art will appreciate that other transistors, for example, Bi-polarjunction transistors—BJT PNP/NPN, BiCMOS, CMOS, eFET, etc., may be usedwithout departing from the scope of the disclosure. The terms “MN”herein indicates an n-type transistor (e.g., NMOS, NPN BJT, etc) and theterm “MP” indicates a p-type transistor (e.g., PMOS, PNP BJT, etc).

FIG. 1 is a clock generation unit 100 including a PFD formed from thecombination of two PFDs, according to one embodiment of the disclosure.In one embodiment, the clock generation unit 100 comprises a PFD 101, aloop filter 102, an oscillator 103, and a divider 104. In oneembodiment, the PFD 101 receives a reference clock signal 105 and afeedback clock signal 109.

In one embodiment, the PFD 101 generates output code 106 which is formedfrom a combination of codes from at least two PFDs in the PFD 101. Inone embodiment, the output code 106 is received by the loop filter 102that generates a filtered version of the code 106 in the form of acontrol signal 107. In one embodiment, the control signal 107 isprovided to the oscillator 103, where the control signal 107 is used toadjust the operating frequency of the oscillator 103. In one embodiment,the oscillator 103 is a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). In anotherembodiment, the oscillator 103 is a digitally controlled oscillator(DCO).

The output 108 of the oscillator 103 is then received by the divider 104that divides the frequency of the output 108 to match the frequency ofthe reference clock signal 105. In one embodiment, the divider 104 is aninteger divider. In one embodiment, the divider 104 is a fractionaldivider. In other embodiments, other forms of the divider 104 may beused, for example, a multi-phase modulus divider.

In the embodiments discussed herein, PFD 101 comprises a first PFD todetermine a coarse phase difference between a first clock signal(reference clock signal 105) and a second clock signal (feedback clocksignal 109). In one embodiment, the first PFD is operable to generate(or generates) a first output indicating the coarse phase difference. Inone embodiment, PFD 101 comprises a second PFD, coupled to the firstPFD, to determine a fine phase difference between the first clock signal(reference clock signal 105) and the second clock signal (feedback clocksignal 109). In one embodiment, the second PFD is operable to generate(or generates) a second output indicating the fine phase difference. Inone embodiment, the PFD 101 further comprises an adder which is operableto sum (or sums) the first and second outputs to generate a resultantphase difference between the first clock signal and the second clocksignal. The first and the second PFDs are shown in FIG. 2 and FIGS. 5-8.

Referring back to FIG. 1, in one embodiment the first PFD is operable toprovide a substantially linear characteristic over a wide phasedifference of the first clock signal and the second clock signal. In oneembodiment, the first and second PFDs operate in parallel. In oneembodiment, the first and second PFDs operate sequentially. For example,the first PFD first starts its analysis bringing the phase differencesmall (e.g., within 1 to 2 td_(tdc) delays) and then the second PFDbegins to analyze the first and second clock signals. In one embodiment,the first PFD is a TDC based PFD. In one embodiment, the second PFD is aBBPFD.

In one embodiment, block 104 is a buffer instead of a divider. In suchan embodiment, a buffered version 109 of the output 108 of theoscillator 103 is received by the PFD 101. In one embodiment, the output108 of the oscillator 103 is directly received by the PFD 101. In suchan embodiment, signal 109 and signal 108 are the same signals.

FIG. 2 is the PFD 200 formed from the combination of two PFDs, accordingto one embodiment of the disclosure. In one embodiment, the PFD 200comprises a TDC based PFD 201, a BBPFD 202, and an adder 203. In oneembodiment, both the TDC based PFD 201 and the BBPFD 202 receive thereference clock signal (Refclk) 105 and the feedback clock signal(Fbkclk) 109. In one embodiment, the Most Significant Bits (MSBs) of thePFD code 106 are determined by the TDC output 204. In one embodiment,the BBPFD 202 detects phase error much smaller than the TDC unit delay,td_(tdc).

In one embodiment, the BBPFD 202 determines the Least Significant Bit(LSB) of the PFD code 106. In one embodiment, the output code 205 ofBBPFD 202 indicates whether a positive ‘1’ or negative ‘1’ should beadded to the code 204 by the adder 203. In one embodiment, the BBPFD 202determines a short code 205 (e.g., one or two bit code) which islinearly added to the TDC output 204. In one embodiment, the short code205 may be added starting from the LSB of the TDC output 204. In otherembodiments, the short code 205 may be added anywhere in the TDC output204. In one embodiment, the short code 205 is as long as the bits of TDCoutput 204 wherein the short code includes many zero bits.

In one embodiment, after the DPLL 101 is locked by the TDC 201, theeffects of the BBPFD 202 appear. For example, the DPLL 101 will lockusing the coarse code 204 from the PFD 200 and then will lock using thefine code 205 combined with the coarse code 204. In one embodiment,early or late indication (whether feedback clock 109 is ahead or behindreference clock 105) from the BBPFD 202 output 205 controls theoscillator 103 and aligns the feedback clock 109 to reference clock 105precisely.

FIG. 3 is a transfer function 300 of a delay line of the first PFD 201,according to one embodiment of the disclosure. In this embodiment, thefirst PFD 201 is the TDC based PFD 201. The x-axis is the phase error intime and the y-axis is the output 204 of the TDC based PFD 201 (alsoreferred herein as TDC 201). The gain of digital code to the phase error(in terms of time) is approximated to 1/td_(tdc). The transfer function300 of the delay line of the TDC based PFD 201 is a staircase waveform301 as shown. Separately, the transfer function of a BBPFD 202 has aninfinite gain at zero phase error, and zero gain elsewhere. The transferfunction is central symmetric.

FIG. 4 is a transfer function 400 of the combination of two PFDs 201 and202, according to one embodiment of the disclosure. The x-axis is thephase error in time and the y-axis is the output 106 of the adder 203.In one embodiment, to combine the TDC 201 with the BBPFD 202, the TDCdelay line is made central symmetric and bi-directional as shown by thestaircase waveform 401. In such an embodiment, two ‘0’ digital codes(402 and 403) are introduced in TDC output 204 around the zero phaseerror.

In one embodiment, a 1-bit output digital code 205 from BBPFD 202 is setsmaller than the TDC code 204 at the ratio of ‘x’ which indicates thenumber of ‘0’ s being added to the TDC digital output 204. For example,when ‘x’ is equal to 1/32, then 5 bits of ‘0’ are added to the TDCdigital output 204. In another example, when ‘x’ is equal to 1/64, then6 bits of ‘0’ are added to the TDC digital output 204. In oneembodiment, when the phase error is large, the digital code 106 isdominated by the TDC output 204 while the BBPFD output 205 is constant(at ‘x’ or ‘−x’). In one embodiment, when the phase error is near zero,the TDC output 204 is zero. Within ±td_(tdc), the BBPFD output 205dominates the digital code at ‘x’ or ‘−x.’ In one embodiment, the small‘x’ value is equivalent to digitizing the TDC output 204 into a veryfine resolution around the zero phase error. In one embodiment, bysetting ‘x’ to a fraction of the power of 2, the BBPFD output 205becomes the LSB of the PFD code 106. In one embodiment, the finaltransfer function 400 is central symmetric. In one embodiment, when thePLL 100 is locked, it will not introduce any phase offset between thereference clock 105 and the feedback clock 109.

FIG. 5A is a BBPFD 500/202, according to one embodiment of thedisclosure. In one embodiment, the BBPFD 500/202 comprises a first stage501, a second stage 502, and a third stage 503. In one embodiment, thefirst stage 501 detects edges of the first (reference clock “Refclk”105) and second clock (feedback clock “Fbclk” 109) signals.

In one embodiment, the first stage 501 comprises sequential units 501 aand 501 b; NAND gate 501 c, and buffer 501 d coupled together as shown.The output of the buffer 501 d is used to reset the sequential units 501a and 501 b. In one embodiment, the sequential units 501 a and 501 b areedge triggered data flip-flops (FFs). In other embodiments, other formsof sequential units 501 a and 501 b may be used. In one embodiment, thefirst stage 501 generates a phase difference between the first (Refclk105) and second (Fbclk 109) clock signals.

In one embodiment, the first stage 501 behaves as an edge detectioncircuit that detects the edges of Refclk 105 and Fbclk 109. Theoperation of the BBPFD 500/202 is explained with reference to FIG. 6.FIG. 6 is a timing diagram 600 illustrating operation of the BBPFD500/202, according to one embodiment of the disclosure.

In one embodiment, whichever of the two output signals from the firststage 501, “upa” and “dna,” are asserted first, signifies whether theRefclk 105 or the Fbclk 109 signal edge rises first. In one embodiment,the two output signals “upa” and “dna” are de-asserted after both ofthem (“upa” and “dna”) are high. In one embodiment, for analog PLLs,“upa” and “dna” are used to control a charge pump according to the pulsewidths of the “upa” and “dna” signal. In one embodiment, for DPLLs, thefirst rising signal among “upa” and “dna” gives information on theearlier of the two clocks (earlier of Refclk 105 or the Fbclk 109). Insuch an embodiment, “upa” and “dna” need to stay latched until the nextupdate.

In one embodiment, the BBPFD 500/202 comprises a second stage 502,coupled to the first stage 501, to sense a fine difference between edgesof the first (Refclk 105) and second (Fbclk 109) clock signals. In oneembodiment, the second stage 502 comprises a sense amplifier baseddetection circuit.

In one embodiment, the sense-amp based detection circuit 502 latches the“upa” and “dna” signals until the next transition edge of the Refclk 105or the Fbclk 109. In one embodiment, when both the “upa” and the “dna”are in reset (i.e., logically low), p-type transistors MP1 and MP2 areon, pulling “outp” and “outn” signals high. During this time, n-typetransistors MN1 and MN2 and p-type transistors MP3 and MP4 are off. Inone embodiment, the n-type transistors MN3 and MN4 are on and pull netsN1 and N2 low. In such an embodiment, both left and right sides of thecircuit are balanced—where the left side comprises transistors MP1, MP3,MN3, and MN1 while the right side comprises transistors MP2, MP4, MN4,and MN2.

In one embodiment, whenever “upa” or “dna” signals are asserted high,the corresponding p-type transistor (MP1 or MP2) will turn off, and thecorresponding n-type transistor (MN1 or MN2) will be turned on,attempting to pull the N1 or N2 nets to ground. For example, if “upa”rises, p-type transistor MP1 is off, and “outp” is not driven by thep-type transistor MP1. In such an embodiment, simultaneously, n-typetransistor MN1 is on, trying to pull net N1 down. Since net “outn” stillkeeps high, n-type transistor MN3 device quickly pulls “outp” to low andturns off n-type transistor MN4.

In one embodiment, the latch comprises p-type transistors MP3 and MP4,and n-type transistors MN3 and MN4. In one embodiment, the latch latchesthe state and prevents “dna” from changing the output state. In oneembodiment, the second stage 502 is able to detect a very small phaseerror. For example, the second stage 502 can detect a phase error of 0.2ps or less. In one embodiment, the detection resolution of the secondstage 502 is determined by the time that the input differential pair(MN1 and MN2) takes to develop a difference on nets N1 and N2 and thecorresponding top latch to latch the result. In this embodiment, thisresolution time is much less than two transmission gate delays andaffected slightly by the input clock slopes.

In one embodiment, the BBPFD 500/202 comprises a third stage 503,coupled to the second stage 502, to latch output of the second stage502. In one embodiment, the two signals “outp” and “outn” are latched bythe NAND-latch (503 a and 503 b), before “upa” and “dna” signals are inreset (i.e., logically low). In one embodiment, when “upa” and “dna” areboth reset to low, and “outp” and “outn” become both high, the BBPFD500/202 output result of Dn/early or Up/late will not change.

FIG. 5B is a BBPFD 510/202, according to one embodiment of thedisclosure. In one embodiment, the BBPFD 510/202 comprises a first stage501, a second stage 502, and a third stage 503. Since BBPFD 510/202 issimilar to BBPFD 500/202, so as not to obscure the embodiments of thedisclosure, the differences between BBPFD 510/202 and BBPFD 500/202 arediscussed.

As discussed with reference to FIG. 1, in one embodiment the divider 104is replaced by a buffer or eliminated. In such an embodiment, signal 109and signal 108 are substantially the same signals with the samefrequencies. In this embodiment, the first stage 511 of the BBPFD 510 ismodified compared to the first stage 501 of the BBPFD 510 of FIG. 5A.

In one embodiment, BBPFD 510 receives the Fbclk 109 (same as 108) whichis used to generate the internal Fclk signal for the FF 501 a. In oneembodiment, the internal Fclk signal is generated by logic gate 512 bthat receives an enable signal EN and the Fbclk 109 (same as 108). Inone embodiment, the same logic gate is used in the signal path of Refclk105 to keep the signal paths of Fbclk 109 and Refclk 105 substantiallythe same (in terms of delay). In such an embodiment, one of the inputsto the logic gate 512 a is held constant to enable the logic gate 512 a.In one embodiment, the logic gates 512 a and 512 b are AND gates. Inother embodiments, other logic gates may be used with slight designmodifications to the first stage 511 to keep it logically operational.For example, a NAND gate followed by an inverter may replace the ANDgates.

In one embodiment, the enable signal EN is generated by a counter 513.In one embodiment, the counter 513 performs the same functions as thedivider 104 of FIG. 1. For example, with reference to FIG. 5A when thedivider is set to divider-by-14, then with reference to FIG. 5B thecounter will generate the EN signal every 14 Fbclk 109 (same as 108)cycles. In such an embodiment, Fbclk and Refclk 105 have substantiallythe same frequencies.

FIG. 7 is a TDC delay-line based PFD 700/201, according to oneembodiment of the disclosure. In one embodiment, the TDC 700/201 isbi-directional. FIG. 7 is described with reference to FIG. 8 and otherfigures. FIG. 8 is a timing diagram 800 illustrating operation of theTDC 700/201, according to one embodiment of the disclosure.

In one embodiment, the TDC 700/201 comprises a left part 701 and rightpart 702. The left part 701 and right part 702 circuits may be organizedin any fashion and the use of the terms “left” and “right” is being usedto simplify the discussion.

In one embodiment, the left delay line of the left part 701 comprisesbuffers with delay td0 and td_(tdc). In one embodiment, the left part701 detects an early Fbclk 109 by using the Refclk 105 to sample thedelayed Fbclk 109 via FFs FF1-5. The first ‘1’ to ‘0’ code transition onR0, R1, R2, R3, and R4 represents the rising edge of the feedback clock.While the left part 701 shows five delay stages and five FFs, any numberof delay stages and FFs may be used.

In one embodiment, the right delay line of the right part 702 comprisesbuffers with delay “td0” and td_(tdc). In one embodiment, right sidepart 702 detects a late Fbclk 109 by using a delayed Refclk 105 tosample the Fbclk 109 via FFs FF6-9. The first ‘0’ to ‘1’ code transitionon R0, F1, F2, F3, and F4 represents the rising edge of the Fbclk 109.While the right part 702 shows 4 delay stages and four FFs, any numberof delay stages and FFs may be used. In one embodiment, the number ofdelay stages and FFs in the left part 701 and right part 702 are equal.In one embodiment, the number of delay stages and FFs in the left part701 and right part 702 are different.

In one embodiment, the early or late status of the phase of Refclk 105and Fbclk 109 is determined by which rising edge of the Refclk 105 andFbclk 109 arrives first. In one embodiment, each delay line covers halfcycle of the oscillator 103 output signal 108 to maintain linearity overone cycle.

For example, at the first rising edge of the Refclk 105, the code of R0,R1, R2, R3, and R4 is “11100.” In this example, code of R0, F1, F2, F3,and F4 is also “11100.” In one embodiment, transition of ‘1’ to ‘0’comes first in the left delay line of the left part 701. In example, thefeedback clock is two to three delay cells earlier than the referenceclock. In one embodiment, transition of ‘0’ to ‘1’ won't happen in theright delay line of the right part 702.

At the second rising edge of Refclk 105, the code R0, R1, R2, R3, and R4is “00111.” In this example, code of R0, F1, F2, F3, F4 is “00001.” Inone embodiment, the transition of ‘0’ to ‘1’ comes first in the rightdelay line of the right part 702. Therefore, the Fbclk 109 is three tofour delay cells earlier than the Refclk 105. In one embodiment, therising edges on both delay lines of the left part 701 and the right part702 are detected. In such an embodiment, the total number of delaystages covers one oscillator 103 output clock 108 cycle to well definethe phase detection characteristic, or transfer function over one cycle.In one embodiment, the rising edges on both delay lines of the left part701 and the right part 702 are not detected. In this embodiment, theinputs (Refclk 105 and Fbclk 109) to the TDC based PFD 201 are at Refclk105 frequency. In such an embodiment, the early or late arrival of theFbclk 109 relative to the Refclk 105 is determined by the BBPFD output205, with the delay output 204 of TDC part 701 or part 702.

In one embodiment, the shaded delay cells with delay “td0” in the leftpart 701 and the right part 702 may have programmable delays to adjustthe step size around the zero crossing. In one embodiment, one or moreof the delay cells (with delay labeled as td_(tdc)) may haveprogrammable delays. By programming the delays of one or more delaycells, the step size around the zero crossing can be made small fornoise improvement.

FIG. 9 is a system-level diagram of a smart device 1600 comprising aprocessor with the combination of two PFDs and/or the BBPFD 202 and/orTDC 201, according to one embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 9 alsoillustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of a mobile device in whichflat surface interface connectors could be used. In one embodiment, thecomputing device 1600 represents a mobile computing device, such as acomputing tablet, a mobile phone or smart-phone, a wireless-enablede-reader, or other wireless mobile device. It will be understood thatcertain components are shown generally, and not all components of such adevice are shown in device 1600.

In one embodiment, the computing device 1600 includes a first processor1610 with the PFD 200 and a second processor 1690 with the PFD 200,according to the embodiments discussed herein. In one embodiment, theprocessors or any other device in the system 1600 may have BBPFD 202and/or TDC 201. The various embodiments of the present disclosure mayalso comprise a network interface within 1670 such as a wirelessinterface so that a system embodiment may be incorporated into awireless device, for example, cell phone or personal digital assistant.

In one embodiment, the processor 1610 can include one or more physicaldevices, such as microprocessors, application processors,microcontrollers, programmable logic devices, or other processing means.The processing operations performed by processor 1610 include theexecution of an operating platform or operating system on whichapplications and/or device functions are executed. The processingoperations include operations related to I/O (input/output) with a humanuser or with other devices, operations related to power management,and/or operations related to connecting the computing device 1600 toanother device. The processing operations may also include operationsrelated to audio I/O and/or display I/O.

In one embodiment, the computing device 1600 includes audio subsystem1620, which represents hardware (e.g., audio hardware and audiocircuits) and software (e.g., drivers, codecs) components associatedwith providing audio functions to the computing device. Audio functionscan include speaker and/or headphone output, as well as microphoneinput. Devices for such functions can be integrated into device 1600, orconnected to the computing device 1600. In one embodiment, a userinteracts with the computing device 1600 by providing audio commandsthat are received and processed by processor 1610.

Display subsystem 1630 represents hardware (e.g., display devices) andsoftware (e.g., drivers) components that provide a visual and/or tactiledisplay for a user to interact with the computing device. Displaysubsystem 1630 includes display interface 1632, which includes theparticular screen or hardware device used to provide a display to auser. In one embodiment, display interface 1632 includes logic separatefrom processor 1610 to perform at least some processing related to thedisplay. In one embodiment, display subsystem 1630 includes a touchscreen (or touch pad) device that provides both output and input to auser.

I/O controller 1640 represents hardware devices and software componentsrelated to interaction with a user. I/O controller 1640 is operable tomanage hardware that is part of audio subsystem 1620 and/or displaysubsystem 1630. Additionally, I/O controller 1640 illustrates aconnection point for additional devices that connect to device 1600through which a user might interact with the system. For example,devices that can be attached to the computing device 1600 might includemicrophone devices, speaker or stereo systems, video systems or otherdisplay device, keyboard or keypad devices, or other I/O devices for usewith specific applications such as card readers or other devices.

As mentioned above, I/O controller 1640 can interact with audiosubsystem 1620 and/or display subsystem 1630. For example, input througha microphone or other audio device can provide input or commands for oneor more applications or functions of the computing device 1600.Additionally, audio output can be provided instead of, or in addition todisplay output. In another example, if display subsystem includes atouch screen, the display device also acts as an input device, which canbe at least partially managed by I/O controller 1640. There can also beadditional buttons or switches on the computing device 1600 to provideI/O functions managed by I/O controller 1640.

In one embodiment, the I/O controller 1640 manages devices such asaccelerometers, cameras, light sensors or other environmental sensors,or other hardware that can be included in the computing device 1600. Theinput can be part of direct user interaction, as well as providingenvironmental input to the system to influence its operations (such asfiltering for noise, adjusting displays for brightness detection,applying a flash for a camera, or other features).

In one embodiment, the computing device 1600 includes power management1650 that manages battery power usage, charging of the battery, andfeatures related to power saving operation. Memory subsystem 1660includes memory devices for storing information in device 1600. Memorycan include nonvolatile (state does not change if power to the memorydevice is interrupted) and/or volatile (state is indeterminate if powerto the memory device is interrupted) memory devices. Memory 1660 canstore application data, user data, music, photos, documents, or otherdata, as well as system data (whether long-term or temporary) related tothe execution of the applications and functions of the computing device1600.

Elements of embodiments are also provided as a machine-readable medium(e.g., memory 1660) for storing the computer-executable instructions(e.g., instructions to implement any other processes discussed herein).The machine-readable medium (e.g., memory 1660) may include, but is notlimited to, flash memory, optical disks, CD-ROMs, DVD ROMs, RAMs,EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, or other type ofmachine-readable media suitable for storing electronic orcomputer-executable instructions. For example, embodiments of thedisclosure may be downloaded as a computer program (e.g., BIOS) whichmay be transferred from a remote computer (e.g., a server) to arequesting computer (e.g., a client) by way of data signals via acommunication link (e.g., a modem or network connection).

Connectivity 1670 includes hardware devices (e.g., wireless and/or wiredconnectors and communication hardware) and software components (e.g.,drivers, protocol stacks) to enable the computing device 1600 tocommunicate with external devices. The device 1600 could be separatedevices, such as other computing devices, wireless access points or basestations, as well as peripherals such as headsets, printers, or otherdevices.

Connectivity 1670 can include multiple different types of connectivity.To generalize, the computing device 1600 is illustrated with cellularconnectivity 1672 and wireless connectivity 1674. Cellular connectivity1672 refers generally to cellular network connectivity provided bywireless carriers, such as provided via GSM (global system for mobilecommunications) or variations or derivatives, CDMA (code divisionmultiple access) or variations or derivatives, TDM (time divisionmultiplexing) or variations or derivatives, or other cellular servicestandards. Wireless connectivity 1674 refers to wireless connectivitythat is not cellular, and can include personal area networks (such asBluetooth, Near Field, etc), local area networks (such as Wi-Fi), and/orwide area networks (such as WiMax), or other wireless communication.

Peripheral connections 1680 include hardware interfaces and connectors,as well as software components (e.g., drivers, protocol stacks) to makeperipheral connections. It will be understood that the computing device1600 could both be a peripheral device (“to” 1682) to other computingdevices, as well as have peripheral devices (“from” 1684) connected toit. The computing device 1600 commonly has a “docking” connector toconnect to other computing devices for purposes such as managing (e.g.,downloading and/or uploading, changing, synchronizing) content on device1600. Additionally, a docking connector can allow device 1600 to connectto certain peripherals that allow the computing device 1600 to controlcontent output, for example, to audiovisual or other systems.

In addition to a proprietary docking connector or other proprietaryconnection hardware, the computing device 1600 can make peripheralconnections 1680 via common or standards-based connectors. Common typescan include a Universal Serial Bus (USB) connector (which can includeany of a number of different hardware interfaces), DisplayPort includingMiniDisplayPort (MDP), High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI),Firewire, or other type.

Reference in the specification to “an embodiment,” “one embodiment,”“some embodiments,” or “other embodiments” means that a particularfeature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with theembodiments is included in at least some embodiments, but notnecessarily all embodiments. The various appearances of “an embodiment,”“one embodiment,” or “some embodiments” are not necessarily allreferring to the same embodiments. If the specification states acomponent, feature, structure, or characteristic “may,” “might,” or“could” be included, that particular component, feature, structure, orcharacteristic is not required to be included. If the specification orclaim refers to “a” or “an” element, that does not mean there is onlyone of the elements. If the specification or claims refer to “anadditional” element, that does not preclude there being more than one ofthe additional element.

Furthermore, the particular features, structures, functions, orcharacteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or moreembodiments. For example, a first embodiment may be combined with asecond embodiment anywhere the particular features, structures,functions, or characteristics associated with the two embodiments arenot mutually exclusive.

While the disclosure has been described in conjunction with specificembodiments thereof, many alternatives, modifications and variations ofsuch embodiments will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the artin light of the foregoing description. The embodiments of the disclosureare intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, andvariations as to fall within the broad scope of the appended claims.

In addition, well known power/ground connections to integrated circuit(IC) chips and other components may or may not be shown within thepresented figures, for simplicity of illustration and discussion, and soas not to obscure the disclosure. Further, arrangements may be shown inblock diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the disclosure, and alsoin view of the fact that specifics with respect to implementation ofsuch block diagram arrangements are highly dependent upon the platformwithin which the present disclosure is to be implemented i.e., suchspecifics should be well within purview of one skilled in the art. Wherespecific details (e.g., circuits) are set forth in order to describeexample embodiments of the disclosure, it should be apparent to oneskilled in the art that the disclosure can be practiced without, or withvariation of, these specific details. The description is thus to beregarded as illustrative instead of limiting.

The following examples pertain to further embodiments. Specifics in theexamples may be used anywhere in one or more embodiments. All optionalfeatures of the apparatus described herein may also be implemented withrespect to a method or process.

For example, in one embodiment, the apparatus comprises: a first phasefrequency detector (PFD) to determine a coarse phase difference betweena first clock signal and a second clock signal, the first PFD togenerate a first output indicating the coarse phase difference; and asecond PFD, coupled to the first PFD, to determine a fine phasedifference between the first clock signal and the second clock signal,the second PFD to generate a second output indicating the fine phasedifference.

In one embodiment, the apparatus further comprises an adder to sum thefirst and second outputs to generate a resultant phase differencebetween the first clock signal and the second clock signal. In oneembodiment, the first PFD is operable to provide a substantially linearcharacteristic over a wide phase difference of the first clock signaland the second clock signal. In one embodiment, the first and secondPFDs operate in parallel. In one embodiment, the first and second PFDsoperate sequentially. In one embodiment, the first PFD is atime-to-digital converter (TDC).

In one embodiment, the second PFD is a bang-bang PFD (BBPFD). In oneembodiment, the BBPFD comprises a first stage to detect edges of thefirst and second clock signals, the first stage to generate a phasedifference between the first and second clock signals. In oneembodiment, the BBPFD comprises a second stage, coupled to the firststage, to sense a fine difference between edges of the first and secondclock signals.

In one embodiment, the second stage comprises a sense amplifier baseddetection circuit. In one embodiment, the BBPFD comprises a third stage,coupled to the second stage, to latch output of the second stage. In oneembodiment, the first and second PFDs and the adder are part of a PFD ofa phase locked loop (PLL) or a delay locked loop (DLL). In oneembodiment, the PLL is a digital PLL. In one embodiment, the firstsignal is a reference clock signal and the second signal is a feedbackclock signal.

In another example, a phase frequency detector (PFD) comprises: atime-to-digital converter (TDC) to determine a coarse phase differencebetween a reference clock signal and a feedback clock signal, the TDC togenerate a first output indicating the coarse phase difference; and abang-bang PFD (BBPFD), coupled to the TDC, to determine a fine phasedifference between the reference clock signal and the feedback clocksignal, the BBPFD to generate a second output indicating the fine phasedifference. In one embodiment, the PFD further comprises an adder to sumthe first and second outputs to generate a resultant phase differencebetween the reference clock signal and the feedback clock signal.

In one embodiment, the TDC is operable to provide a substantially lineartransfer function over a period of the reference clock signal. In oneembodiment, the transfer function indicates digital code over phasedifference.

In another example, a system comprises: a memory; a processor, coupledto the memory, the processor including: a first phase frequency detector(PFD) to determine a coarse phase difference between a first clocksignal and a second clock signal, the first PFD to generate a firstoutput indicating the coarse phase difference; and a second PFD todetermine a fine phase difference between the first clock signal and thesecond clock signal, the second PFD to generate a second outputindicating the fine phase difference; and a wireless interface forcommunicatively coupling the processor to another device.

In one embodiment, the processor further comprises an adder to sum thefirst and second outputs to generate a resultant phase differencebetween the first clock signal and the second clock signal. In oneembodiment, the system further comprises a display unit. In oneembodiment, the first PFD is a time-to-digital converter (TDC). In oneembodiment, the second PFD is a bang-bang PFD (BBPFD).

An abstract is provided that will allow the reader to ascertain thenature and gist of the technical disclosure. The abstract is submittedwith the understanding that it will not be used to limit the scope ormeaning of the claims. The following claims are hereby incorporated intothe detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as aseparate embodiment.

We claim:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a first phase frequency detector (PFD) to determine a coarse phase difference between a first clock signal and a second clock signal, the first PFD to generate a first output indicating the coarse phase difference; and a second PFD, coupled to the first PFD, to determine a fine phase difference between the first clock signal and the second clock signal, the second PFD to generate a second output indicating the fine phase difference.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprises an adder to sum the first and second outputs to generate a resultant phase difference between the first clock signal and the second clock signal.
 3. The apparatus claim 1, wherein the first PFD to provide a substantially linear characteristic over a wide phase difference of the first clock signal and the second clock signal.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second PFDs operate in parallel.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second PFDs operate sequentially.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first PFD is a time-to-digital converter (TDC).
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second PFD is a bang-bang PFD (BBPFD).
 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the BBPFD comprises a first stage to detect edges of the first and second clock signals, the first stage to generate a phase difference between the first and second clock signals.
 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the BBPFD comprises a second stage, coupled to the first stage, to sense a fine difference between edges of the first and second clock signals.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the second stage comprises a sense amplifier based detection circuit.
 11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the BBPFD comprises a third stage, coupled to the second stage, to latch output of the second stage.
 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second PFDs and the adder are part of a PFD of a phase locked loop (PLL) or a delay locked loop (DLL).
 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the PLL is a digital PLL.
 14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first signal is a reference clock signal and the second signal is a feedback clock signal.
 15. A phase frequency detector (PFD) comprising: a time-to-digital converter (TDC) to determine a coarse phase difference between a reference clock signal and a feedback clock signal, the TDC to generate a first output indicating the coarse phase difference; and a bang-bang PFD (BBPFD), coupled to the TDC, to determine a fine phase difference between the reference clock signal and the feedback clock signal, the BBPFD to generate a second output indicating the fine phase difference.
 16. The PFD of claim 15 further comprises an adder to sum the first and second outputs to generate a resultant phase difference between the reference clock signal and the feedback clock signal.
 17. The PFD of claim 14, wherein the TDC to provide a substantially linear transfer function over a period of the reference clock signal.
 18. The PFD of claim 17, wherein the transfer function indicates digital code over phase difference.
 19. A system comprising: a memory; a processor, coupled to the memory, the processor including: a first phase frequency detector (PFD) to determine a coarse phase difference between a first clock signal and a second clock signal, the first PFD to generate a first output indicating the coarse phase difference; and a second PFD to determine a fine phase difference between the first clock signal and the second clock signal, the second PFD to generate a second output indicating the fine phase difference; and a wireless interface for communicatively coupling the processor to another device.
 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the processor further comprises an adder to sum the first and second outputs to generate a resultant phase difference between the first clock signal and the second clock signal.
 21. The system of claim 19 further comprises a display unit.
 22. The system of claim 19, wherein the first PFD is a time-to-digital converter (TDC).
 23. The system of claim 19, wherein the second PFD is a bang-bang PFD (BBPFD). 